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Preface I. THE READING PROCESS 1. Becoming a Strong Reader Stage 1: Get an Overview of the Selection Stage 2: Deepen Your Sense of the Selection Stage 3: Evaluate the Selection Ellen Goodman, "Family Counterculture." II. THE WRITING PROCESS. 2. Getting Started Through Prewriting Observations About the Writing Process Use Prewriting to Get Started Keep a Journal The Pre-Reading Journal Entry Understand the Boundaries of the Assignment Determine Your Purpose, Audience, Tone, and Point of View Discover Your Essay's Limited Subject Generate Raw Material About Your Limited Subject Organize the Raw Material Activities: Getting Started Through Prewriting 3. Identifying a Thesis What Is a Thesis? Finding a Thesis Writing an Effective Thesis Tone and Point of View Implied Pattern of Development Including a Plan of Development Don't Write a Highly Opinionated Statement Don't Make an Announcement Don't Make a Factual Statement Don't Make a Broad Statement Arriving at an Effective Thesis Placing the Thesis in an Essay Activities: Identifying a Thesis 4. Supporting the Thesis with Evidence What Is Evidence? How Do You Find Evidence? How the Patterns of Development Help Generate Evidence Characteristics of Evidence The Evidence Is Relevant and Unified The Evidence Is Specific The Evidence Is Adequate The Evidence Is Dramatic The Evidence Is Accurate The Evidence Is Representative Borrowed Evidence Is Documented Activities: Supporting the Thesis with Evidence 5. Organizing the Evidence Use the Patterns of Development Select an Organizational Approach Chronological Approach Spatial Approach Emphatic Approach Simple-to-Complex Approach Prepare an Outline Activities: Organizing the Evidence 6. Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft How to Move from Outline to First Draft General Suggestions on How to Proceed If You Get Bogged Down A Suggested Sequence for Writing the First Draft Write the Supporting Paragraphs Write Other Paragraphs in the Essay's Body Write the Introduction Write the Conclusion Write the Title Pulling It All Together Sample First Draft Harriet Davids, "Challenges for Today's Parents." Commentary Activities: Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft 7. Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development Five Strategies to Make Revision Easier Set Your First Draft Aside for a While Work from Printed Text Read the Draft Aloud View Revision as a Series of Steps Evaluate and Respond to Instructor Feedback Peer Review: An Additional Revision Strategy Evaluate and Respond to Peer Review Revising Overall Meaning and Structure Revising Paragraph Development Sample Student Revision of Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development Activities: Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development 8. Revising Sentences and Words Revising Sentences. Make Sentences Consistent with Your Tone Make Sentences Economical Vary Sentence Type Vary Sentence Length Make Sentences Emphatic Revising Words Make Words Consistent with Your Tone Use an Appropriate Level of Diction Avoid Words That Overstate or Understate Select Words with Appropriate Connotations Use Specific Rather Than General Words Use Strong Verbs Delete Unnecessary Adverbs Use Original Figures of Speech Avoid Sexist Language Sample Student Revision of Sentences and Words Activities: Revising Sentences and Words 9. Editing and Proofreading Edit Carefully Use the Appropriate Manuscript Format Proofread Closely Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Proofreading Harriet Davids, "Challenges for Today's Parents" Commentary Activities: Editing and Proofreading III. THE PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT 10. Description What Is Description? How Description Fits Your Purpose and Audience Prewriting Strategies Strategies for Using Description in an Essay Revision Strategies Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision Marie Martinez, "Salt Marsh" Commentary Activities: Description Prewriting Activities Revising Activities Professional Selections: Description Maya Angelou, "Sister Flowers" *David Helvarg, "The Storm this Time" Gordon Parks, "Flavio's Home" Additional Writing Topics: Description 11. Narration What Is Narration? How Narration Fits Your Purpose and Audience Prewriting Strategies Strategies for Using Narration in an Essay Revision Strategies Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision Paul Monahan, "If Only" Commentary Activities: Narration Prewriting Activities Revising Activities Professional Selections: Narration Audre Lorde, "The Fourth of July" George Orwell, "Shooting an Elephant" *Charmie Gholson, "Charity Display?" Additional Writing Topics: Narration 12. Illustration What Is Illustration? How Illustration Fits Your Purpose and Audience Prewriting Strategies Strategies for Using Illustration in an Essay Revision Strategies Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision Michael Pagano, "Pursuit of Possessions" Commentary Activities: Illustration Prewriting Activities Revising Activities Professional Selections: Illustration Kay S. Hymowitz, "Tweens: Ten Going on Sixteen" Beth Johnson, "Bombs Bursting in Air" *Leslie Savan, "Black Talk and Pop Culture" Additional Writing Topics: Illustration 13. Division-Classification What Is Division-Classification? How Division-Classification Fits Your Purpose and Audience Prewriting Strategies Strategies for Using Division-Classification in an Essay Revision Strategies Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision Gail Oremland, "The Truth about College Teachers" Commentary Activities: Division-Classification Prewriting Activities Revising Activities Professional Selections: Division-Classification William Lutz, "Double Speak" Scott Russell Sanders, "The Men We Carry in Our Minds" *David Brooks, "Psst! 'Human Capital'" Additional Writing Topics: Division-Classification 14. Process Analysis What Is Process Analysis? How Process Analysis Fits Your Purpose and Audience Prewriting Strategies Strategies for Using Process Analysis in an Essay Revision Strategies Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision Robert Barry, "Becoming a Recordoholic" Commentary Activities: Process Analysis Prewriting Activities Revising Activities Professional Selections: Process Analysis Clifford Stoll, "Cyberschool" Diane Cole, "Don't Just Stand There" *David Shipley, "Talk About Editing" Additional Writing Topics: Process Analysis 15. Comparison-Contrast What Is Comparison-Contrast? How Comparison-Contrast Fits Your Purpose and Audience Prewriting Strategies Strategies for Using Comparison-Contrast in an Essay Revision Strategies Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision Carol Siskin, "The Virtues of Growing Older" Commentary Activities: Comparison-Contrast Prewriting Activities Revising Activities Professional Selections: Comparison-Contrast Toni Morrison, "A Slow Walk of Trees" Patricia Cohen, "Reality TV: Surprising Throwback to the Past?" *Eric Weiner, "Euromail and Amerimail" Additional Writing Topics: Comparison-Contrast 16. Cause-Effect What Is Cause-Effect? How Cause-Effect Fits Your Purpose and Audience Prewriting Strategies Strategies for Using Cause-Effect in an Essay Revision Strategies Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision Carl Novack, "Americans and Food" Commentary Activities: Cause-Effect Prewriting Activities Revising Activities Professional Selections: Cause-Effect Stephen King, "Why We Crave Horror Movies" *Buzz Bissinger, "Innocents Afield" Brent Staples, "Black Men and Public Space" Additional Writing Topics: Cause-Effect 17. Definition What Is Definition? How Definition Fits Your Purpose and Audience Prewriting Strategies Strategies for Using Definition in an Essay Revision Strategies Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision Laura Chen, "Physics in Everyday Life" Commentary Activities: Definition Prewriting Activities Revising Activities Professional Selections: Definition K. C. Cole, "Entropy" James Gleick, "Life as Type A" *Natalie Angier, "The Cute Factor" Additional Writing Topics: Definition 18. Argumentation-Persuasion What Is Argumentation-Persuasion? How Argumentation-Persuasion Fits Your Purpose and Audience Prewriting Strategies Strategies for Using Argumentation-Persuasion in an Essay Revision Strategies Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision Mark Simmons, "Compulsory National Service" Commentary Activities: Argumentation-Persuasion Prewriting Activities Revising Activities Professional Selections: Argumentation-Persuasion * Stanley Fish, "Free Speech Follies" Mary Sherry, "In Praise of the 'F' Word" Debating the Issues: Date Rape Camille Paglia, "A Bigger Danger than Feminists Know" Susan Jacoby, "Common Decency" *Debating the Issues: Immigration *Roberto Rodriguez, "The Border On Our Backs" *Star Parker, "Se Habla Entitlement" Additional Writing Topics: Argumentation-Persuasion IV. THE LITERARY PAPER AND EXAM ESSAY 19. Writing About Literature Elements of Literary Works Literary Terms How to Read a Literary Work Read to Form a General Impression Ask Questions About the Work Reread and Annotate Modify Your Annotations Write the Literary Analysis Prewrite Identify Your Thesis Support the Thesis with Evidence Organize the Evidence Write the First Draft Revise Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development Edit and Proofread Pulling It All Together Read to Form a General Impression Langston Hughes, "Early Autumn" Ask Questions about the Work Reread and Annotate Student Essay Karen Vais, "Stopping to Talk" Commentary Additional Selections and Writing Assignments Robert Frost, "Out, Out-" Kate Chopin, "The Story of an Hour" 20. Writing Exam Essays Three Forms of Written Answers Short Answers Paragraph-Length Answers Essay-Length Answers How to Prepare for Exam Essays At the Examination Survey the Entire Test Understand the Essay Question Write the Essay Prewrite Identify Your Thesis Support the Thesis with Evidence Organize the Evidence Write the Draft Revise, Edit, and Proofread Sample Essay Answer Commentary Activity: Writing Exam Essays Appendix: A Guide to Avoiding Plagiarism Acknowledgments Index Table of Contents
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