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Each chapter concludes with “Summary,” “Being Audience-Centered: A Sharper Focus,” “Critical Thinking Questions,” “Ethical Questions,” “Suggested Activities,” and “Using Technology and Media.” 1. Speaking with Confidence. Why Study Public Speaking? Empowerment. Employment. Public Speaking and Conversation. Public Speaking is More Planned. Public Speaking is More Formal. The Roles of Public Speakers and Audiences are More Clearly Defined. The Communication Process. Communication as Action. Communication as Interaction. Communication as Transaction. The Rich Heritage of Public Speaking. Great Speakers: Martin Luther King, Jr. Public Speaking and Diversity. Improving Your Confidence as a Speaker. Understanding Your Nervousness. Building Your Confidence. Speaker’s Homepage: Managing Your Nervousness. 2. The Audience-Centered Speechmaking Process. The Audience-Centered Speechmaking Model. Consider Your Audience. Select and Narrow Your Topic. Who Is the Audience? What Is the Occasion? What Are My Interests, Talents, and Experiences? Great Speakers: Abraham Lincoln. Determine Your Purpose. Develop Your Central Idea. Generate the Main Ideas. Does the Central Ida Have Logical Divisions? Can You Think of Several Reasons the Central Ida Is True? Can You Support the Central Idea with a Series of Steps? Gather Verbal and Visual Supporting Material. Organize Your Speech. Rehearse Your Speech. Speaker’s Homepage: The Power of the Internet. Deliver Your Speech. Sample Speech: Our Immigration Story: Pao Yang Lee. 3. Ethics and Free Speech. Speaking Freely. Speaking Ethically. Have a Clear, Responsible Goal. Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning. Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences. Be Honest. Great Speakers: Mohandas Gandhi. Avoid Plagiarism. Speaker’s Homepage: Tips for Ethics and Free Speech. Listening Ethically. Communicate Your Expectations and Feedback. Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences. Listen Critically. 4. Listening to Speeches. Barriers to Effective Listening. Information Overload. Personal Concerns. Outside Distractions. Prejudice. Wasting Speech-Rate and Thought-Rate Differences. Receiver Apprehension. Becoming a Better Listener. Adapt to the Speaker’s Delivery. Listen with Your Eyes as Well as Your Ears. Monitor Your Emotional Reaction to a Message. Avoid Jumping to Conclusions. Be a Selfish Listener. Listen for Major Ideas. Identify Your Listening Goal. Practice Listening. Understand Your Listening Style. Become a Active Listener. Great Speakers: Cesar Chavez. Improving Your Note-Taking Skills. Listening and Critical Thinking. Separate Facts from Inferences. Evaluate the Quality of the Evidence. Evaluate the Underlying Logic and Reasoning. Analyzing and Evaluating Speeches. Understanding Criteria for Evaluating Speeches. Identifying and Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies. Speaker’s Homepage: Developing Your Rhetorical Speaking Skills. Giving Feedback to Others. Giving Feedback to Yourself. 5. Analyzing Your Audience Becoming an Audience-Centered Speaker. Gather Information about Your Audience. Analyze Information about Your Audience. Great Speakers: Winston Churchill. Adapt to Your Audience. Analyzing Your Audience Before You Speak. Demographic Audience Analysis. Psychological Audience analysis. Situational Audience Analysis. Developing Your Speech Step-by-Step: Consider Your Audience. Speaker’s Homepage: Gathering Information About Your Audience. Adapting to Your Audience as You Speak. Identifying Nonverbal Audience Cues. Responding to Nonverbal Cues. Strategies for Customizing Your Message to Your Audience. Analyzing Your Audience After You Speak. Nonverbal Responses. Verbal Responses. Survey Responses. Behavioral Responses. 6. Developing Your Speech. Select and Narrow Your Topic. Guidelines for Selecting a Topic. Strategies for Selecting a Topic. Speaker’s Homepage: Using the Web to Prime Your Creative Pump for a Speech Topic. Narrowing the Topic. Developing Your Speech Step-by-Step: Select and Narrow Your Topic. Determine Your Purpose. General Purpose. Specific Purpose. Develop Your Central Idea. A Complete Declarative Statement. Direct, Specific Language. A Single Idea. An Audience-Centered Idea. Great Speakers: Frederick Douglass. Generate and Preview Your Main Ideas. Generating Your Main Ideas. Previewing Your Main Ideas. Developing Your Speech Step-by-Step: Generate and Preview Your Main Ideas. Meanwhile, Back at the Computer . . . 7. Gathering Supporting Material. Personal Knowledge and Experience. The Internet. The World Wide Web. Directories and Search engines. Evaluating Web Resources. Speaker’s Homepage: Evaluating Internet Websites. Library Resources. Books. Periodicals. Full Text Databases. Newspapers. Reference Resources. Government Documents. Special Services. Interviews. Great Speakers: Eleanor Roosevelt. Determining the Purpose of the Interview. Setting Up the Interview. Planning the Interview. Conducting the Interview. Following Up the Interview. Resources from Special-Interest Groups and Organizations. Research Strategies. Develop a Preliminary Bibliography. Locate Resources. Consider the Potential Usefulness of Resources. Take Notes. Developing Your Speech Step-by-Step: Gather Supporting Material. Identify Possible Presentation Aids. 8. Supporting Your Speech. Illustrations. Brief Illustrations. Extended Illustrations. Hypothetical Illustrations. Using Illustrations Effectively. Great Speakers: Garrison Keillor. Descriptions and Explanations. Describing. Explaining How. Explaining Why. Using Descriptions and Explanations Effectively. Definitions. Definitions by Classification. Operational Definitions. Using Definitions Effectively. Analogies. Literal Analogies. Figurative Analogies. Using Analogies Effectively. Statistics. Using Statistics as Support. Using Statistics Effectively. Opinions. Expert Testimony. Lay Testimony. Literary Quotations. Using Opinions Effectively. Speaker’s Homepage: Using the Internet to Find Interesting Supporting Material. Selecting the Best Supporting Material. 9. Organizing Your Speech. Organizing Your Main Ideas. Ordering Ideas Chronologically. Organizing Ideas Topically. Arranging Ideas Spatially. Organizing Ideas to Show Cause and Effect. Organizing Ideas by Problem and Solution. Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organization. Great Speakers: Desmond Tutu. Speaker’s Homepage: Internet Resources to Help You Organize Your Speech. Subdividing Your Main Ideas. Integrating Your Supporting Material. Organizing Your Supporting Material. Primacy or Recency. Specificity. Developing Your Speech Step-by-Step: Organize Your Speech. Complexity. “Soft” to “Hard” Evidence. Developing Signposts. Transitions. Previews. Summaries. Supplementing Signposts with Presentation Aids. 10. Introducing and Concluding Your Speech. Purposes of Introductions. Get the Audience’s Attention. Introduce the Subject. Give the Audience a Reason to Listen. Establish Your Credibility. Preview Your Main Ideas. Effective Introductions. Illustrations or Anecdotes. Starling Facts or Statistics. Quotations. Humor. Questions. References to Historic Events. References to Recent Events. Personal References. References to the Occasion. References to Preceding Speeches. Speaker’s Homepage: Using the Web to Find an Attention-Catching Introduction. Purposes of Conclusions. Summarize the Speech. Reemphasize the Central Idea in a Memorable Way. Motivate the Audience to Respond. Provide Closure. Effective Conclusions. Methods Also Used for Introductions. References to the Introduction. Inspirational Appeals or Challenges. Appeals to Action. Great Speakers: Patrick Henry. 11. Outlining and Editing Your Speech. Developing Your Preparation Outline. The Preparation Outline. Sample Preparation Outline. Editing Your Speech. Developing Your Delivery Outline and Speaking Notes. The Delivery Outline. Speaker’s Homepage: Using Internet Resources to Improve Your Outlining Skill. Sample Delivery Outline: Disabling the Virus of Cyber plagiarism, Valerie Waldrock. Speaking Notes. Great Speakers: Mark Twain. 12. Using Words Well: Speaker Language and Style. Oral Versus Written Language Style. Oral Style Is More Personal. Oral Style is Less Formal. Oral Style is More Repetitive. Using Words Effectively. Use Specific, Concrete Words. Use Simple Words. Use Words Correctly. Adapting Your Language Style to Diverse Listeners. Use Language that Your Audience Can Understand. Use Appropriate Language. Use Unbiased Language. Crafting Memorable Word Structures. Creating Figurative Images. Creating Drama. Creating Cadence. Speaker’s Homepage: Using Internet Resources to Polish Spoken Prose. Analyzing a Memorable Word Structure. Great Speakers: John F. Kennedy. Tips for Using Language Effectively. 13. Delivering Your Speech. The Power of Speech Delivery. Listeners Expect Effective Delivery. Listeners Make Emotional Connections with the Speaker Through Delivery. Listeners Believe What They See. Methods of Delivery. Manuscript Speaking. Memorized Speaking. Impromptu Speaking. Extemporaneous Speaking. Characteristics of Effective Delivery. Eye Contact. Gestures. Movement. Posture. Facial Expression. Great Speakers: Marcus Tullius Cicero. Vocal Delivery. Personal Appearance. Speaker’s Homepage: Evaluating Speaker Delivery. Audience Diversity and Delivery. Rehearsing Your Speech: Some Final Tips. Developing Your Speech Step-by-Step: Rehearse Your Speech. Delivering Your Speech. Adapting Your Speech Delivery for Television. Developing Your Speech Step-by-Step: Deliver Your Speech. Responding to Questions. 14. Using Presentation Aids. The Value of Presentation Aids. Great Speakers: Ronald Reagan. Types of Presentation Aids. Three-Dimensional Presentation Aids. Two-Dimensional Presentation Aids. Speaker’s Homepage: Using the Internet as a Source for Visuals for Your Speeches. Audiovisual Aids. Guidelines for Developing Presentation Aids. Make Them Easy to See. Keep Them Simple. Select the Right Presentation Aids. Do Not Use Dangerous or Illegal Aids. Guidelines for Using Presentation Aids. Rehearse with Your Presentation Aids. Have Eye Contact with Your Audience, Not with Your Presentation Aids. Explain Your Presentation Aids. Do Not Pass Object Among Members of Your Audience. Use Animals with Caution. Use Handouts Effectively. Time Your Visuals to Control Your Audience’s Attention. Use technology Effectively. Remember Murphy’s Law. 15. Speaking to Inform. Goals of Informative Speaking. Speaking to Enhance Understanding. Speaking to Maintain Interest. Speaking to Be Remembered. Types of Informative Speeches. Speeches about Objects. Speeches about Procedures. Speeches about People. Speeches about Events. Speeches about Ideas. Strategies to Enhance Audience Understanding. Speak with Clarity. Use Principles and Techniques of Adult Learning. Clarify Complex Processes. Use Effective Visual Reinforcement. Strategies to Enhance Audience Interest. Speaker’s Homepage: Finding Late-Breaking News and Information for Your Speech. Establish a Motive for Your Audience to Listen to You. Tell a Story. Great Speakers: Beverly Sills. Present Information that Relates to Your Listener. Strategies to Enhance Audience Recall. Build in Redundancy. Pace Your Information Flow. Reinforce Key Ideas Verbally. Reinforce Key Ideas Nonverbally. Informative Speech: Choosing a Speech Topic, Roger Fringer. 16. Understanding Principles of Persuasive Speaking. Persuasion Defined. How to Motivate Listeners. How Persuasion Works. Use Dissonance. Use Listener Needs. Use Positive Motivation. Use Negative Motivation. Great Speakers: Elizabeth Cady Stanton. How to Develop Your Persuasive Speech. Consider the Audience. Select and Narrow Your Persuasive Topic. Determine Your Persuasive Purpose. Develop Your Central Idea and Main Ideas. Putting Persuasive Principles into Practice. Speaker’s Homepage: Finding Out about Congressional Legislation for Persuasive Speeches. 17. Using Persuasive Strategies. Establishing Credibility. Enhancing Your Credibility. Using Logic and Evidence to Persuade. Understanding Types of reasoning. Persuading the Diverse Audience. Supporting Your Reasoning with Evidence. Avoiding Faulty Reasoning: Ethical Issues. Speaker’s Homepage: Information Triage: Identifying Reasoning Fallacies. Using Emotion to Persuade. Tips for Using Emotion to Persuade. Using Emotional Appeals: Ethical Issues. Great Speakers: Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Strategies for Adapting Ideas to People and People to Ideas. Persuading the Receptive Audience. Persuading the Neutral Audience. Persuading the Unreceptive Audience. Strategies for Organizing Persuasive Messages. Problem—Solution. Refutation. Cause and Effect. The Motivated Sequence. Persuasive Speech: Medical Mayhem, Alyssa Horn. 18. Special Occasion Speaking. Public Speaking in the Workplace. Reports. Public-Relations Speeches. Ceremonial Speaking. Introductions. Toasts. Speaker’s Homepage: A Toast to You and Yours: Tips for Making Toasts. Award Presentations. Nominations. Acceptances. Keynote Addresses. Commencement Addresses. Commemorative Addresses and Tributes. Eulogies. After-Dinner Speaking: Using Humor Effectively. Humorous Stories. Humorous Verbal Strategies. Humorous Nonverbal Strategies. Great Speakers: Dave Barry. 19. Speaking in Small Groups. Solving Problems in Groups and Teams. 1. Identify and Define the Problem. 2. Analyze the Problem. 3. Generate Possible Solutions. 4. Select the Best Solution. 5. Test and Implement the Solution. Participating in Small Groups. Come Prepared for Group Discussions. Do Not Suggest Solutions Before Analyzing the Problem. Evaluate Evidence. Help Summarize the Group’s Progress. Listen and Respond Courteously to Others. Help Manage Conflict. Leading in Small Groups. Leadership Responsibilities. Leadership Styles. Managing Meetings. How to Give Meetings Structure. Speaker’s Homepage: Using Parliamentary Procedure to Give Structure to large Groups. How to Foster Group Interaction. Presenting Group Recommendations. Great Speakers: Oprah Winfrey. Symposium Presentation. Forum Presentation. Panel Discussion. Written Report. Planning a Group Presentation. Tips for Making a Group Presentation. Epilogue. Appendix A: The Classical Tradition of Rhetoric. The Earliest Teachers of Rhetoric. Beginning of the Greek Tradition: The Sophists. Plato. Aristotle. The Roman Tradition. Conclusion. Appendix B: Speeches for Analysis and Discussion. I Have a Dream, Martin Luther King, Jr. Making Democracy Work: Your Responsibility to Society, Cynthia Opheim. Van Gogh’s Incredible Life, Kristy Shaw. The Electoral College, Nathan Harrington. The Dirty Secret, Ben Johnson. Binge Drinking on Campus, Ali Heidapour. Curtailing the Contemporary College Counseling Crisis, Sonja Ralston. Notes. Index. Table of Contents
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