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Digital file of Short Guide to College Writing, A Plus MyLab Writing Package, 5th Edition for sale
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Preface xvii PART ONE The Writing Process 1 CHAPTER 1 Developing Ideas 2 STARTING 2 How to Write: Writing as a Physical Act 2 Some Ideas About Ideas: Strategies for Invention 2 Asking Questions and Answering Them 3 Listing 5 Clustering 7 Scratch Outlining 7 Freewriting 9 FOCUSING 9 Critical Thinking: Subject, Topic, Thesis 9 Finding a Topic 10 Developing a Thesis 11 CHECKLIST for a Thesis Sentence 13 DEVELOPING IDEAS 13 Thinking About Audience and Purpose: The Reader as Collaborator 14 Writing the Draft 15 CHAPTER 2 Drafting and Revising 17 READING DRAFTS 17 Imagining Your Audience and Asking Questions 17 PEER REVIEW: THE BENEFITS OF HAVING A REAL AUDIENCE 20 From Assignment to Essay: A Case History 21 CHECKLIST for Peer Review 24 First Draft 24 Summary of Peer Group Discussion 26 Final Version 28 Suki Hudson Two Sides of a Story (Student Essay) 28 CHECKLIST for Drafting And Revising 30 CHAPTER 3 Shaping Paragraphs 31 PARAGRAPH FORM AND SUBSTANCE 31 The Shape of a Paragraph 33 PARAGRAPH UNITY: TOPIC SENTENCES, TOPIC IDEAS 34 Examples of Topic Sentences at Beginning and at End, and of Topic Ideas 34 UNITY IN PARAGRAPHS 36 ORGANIZATION IN PARAGRAPHS 37 COHERENCE IN PARAGRAPHS 38 Transitions 39 Repetition 40 LINKING PARAGRAPHS TOGETHER 41 Cheryl Lee The Story Behind the Gestures 41 PARAGRAPH LENGTH 45 The Use and Abuse of Short Paragraphs 45 INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPHS 48 CONCLUDING PARAGRAPHS 55 CHECKLIST for Revising Paragraphs 56 CHAPTER 4 Revising for Conciseness 57 INSTANT PROSE 58 How to Avoid Instant Prose 59 EXTRA WORDS AND EMPTY WORDS 60 Weak Intensifiers 61 Circumlocutions 61 Wordy Beginnings 62 Empty Conclusions 63 Wordy Uses of the Verbs To Be, To Have , and To Make 63 Redundancy 64 Negative Constructions 65 EXTRA SENTENCES, EXTRA CLAUSES: SUBORDINATION 66 Who, Which, That 67 It Is, This Is, There Are 67 SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS ABOUT CONCISENESS 68 CHECKLIST for Revising For Conciseness 68 CHAPTER 5 Revising for Clarity 70 CLARITY 70 CLARITY AND EXACTNESS: USING THE RIGHT WORD 72 Denotation 72 Connotation 73 Avoiding Sexist Language 74 Quotation Marks as Apologies 75 Being Specific 76 Using Examples 77 Jargon and Technical Language 79 Clichés 80 Metaphors and Mixed Metaphors 81 Euphemisms 83 Passive or Active Voice? 84 The Writer’s “I” 86 CLARITY AND COHERENCE 87 Cats Are Dogs 88 Items in a Series 88 Modifiers 89 Misplaced Modifiers 89 Squinting Modifiers 90 Dangling Modifiers 91 Reference of Pronouns 91 Vague Reference of Pronouns 92 Shift in Pronouns 92 Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns 93 Agreement 93 Noun and Pronoun 93 Subject and Verb 94 Three Additional Points 94 Repetition and Variation 95 CLARITY AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE: PARALLELISM 97 CHECKLIST for Revising for Clarity 98 CHAPTER 6 Writing with Style 99 ACADEMIC STYLES, ACADEMIC AUDIENCES 99 DEFINING STYLE 102 STYLE AND TONE 103 ACQUIRING STYLE 105 Clarity and Texture 106 Originality and Imitation 106 PART TWO College Writing 107 CHAPTER 7 Using Sources 108 WHAT IS A SOURCE? 108 SUMMARIZING SOURCES 109 Writing a Summary 109 Steven Pinker Mind Over Mass Media 110 PARAPHRASING SOURCES 115 QUOTING SOURCES 118 ACKNOWLEDGING SOURCES 122 Using Sources without Plagiarizing 122 Acknowledging a Direct Quotation 124 Acknowledging a Paraphrase or Summary 124 Acknowledging an Idea 127 Fair Use of Common Knowledge 128 “But How Else Can I Put It?” 128 CHECKLIST for Avoiding Plagiarism 129 A PLAGIARISM SELF-TEST 130 QUIZ YOURSELF: HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW ABOUT CITING SOURCES? 130 Section 1: Plagiarism and Academic Dishonesty 130 Section 2: Common Knowledge 131 Section 3: Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing Texts 132 ANSWER KEY TO PLAGIARISM QUIZ 134 Section 1: Plagiarism and Academic Dishonesty 134 Section 2: Common Knowledge 134 Section 3: Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing Texts 135 Illegal Trade Passage 135 Romance Nove Passage 135 CHAPTER 8 Analyzing Texts 136 ANALYZING AN IMAGE 136 ANALYZING ADVERTISEMENTS (VISUAL RHETORIC) 137 Who’s That Girl? An Analysis of a 2010 Dolce & Gabbana Advertisement 139 CHECKLIST for Analyzing Advertisements 141 ANALYZING TEXTS 141 CLASSIFYING AND THINKING 142 Examples of Classifying 142 CAUSE AND EFFECT 143 Dolores Hayden Advertisements, Pornography, and Public Space 159 ANALYSIS AND DESCRIPTION 148 Description at Work in the Analytic Essay 149 COMPARING 150 Organizing Short Comparisons 151 Longer Comparisons 154 Ways of Organizing an Essay Devoted to a Comparison 155 CHECKLIST for Revising Comparisons 158 PROCESS ANALYSIS 158 Anne Hebald Mandelbaum It’s the Portly Penguin That Gets the Girl, French Biologist Claims 159 EXPLAINING AN ANALYSIS 161 CHAPTER 9 Persuading Readers 162 EMOTIONAL APPEALS 162 MAKING REASONABLE ARGUMENTS 163 CLAIMS AND EVIDENCE 165 THREE KINDS OF CLAIMS: CLAIMS OF FACT, VALUE, AND POLICY 165 Claims of Fact 165 Claims of Value 166 Claims of Policy 167 THREE KINDS OF EVIDENCE: EXAMPLES, TESTIMONY, STATISTICS 167 Examples 168 Testimony 169 Statistics 170 A NOTE ON DEFINITION IN THE PERSUASIVE ESSAY 171 HOW MUCH EVIDENCE IS ENOUGH? 172 TWO KINDS OF REASONING: INDUCTION AND DEDUCTION 172 AVOIDING FALLACIES 173 WIT 177 Avoiding Sarcasm 177 TONE AND ETHICAL APPEAL 178 CRITICAL THINKING: ASSUMPTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 179 ORGANIZING AN ARGUMENT 180 CHECKLIST for Revising Drafts of Persuasive Essays 181 PERSUASION AT WORK: TWO PROFESSORS CONSIDER LAPTOPS IN THE CLASSROOM 182 Carlo Rotella Tuition Lost on the Tecno-Dependent 182 An Analysis of Rotella’s Argument 184 Elena Choy Laptops in the Classroom? No Problem 185 An Analysis of Choy’s Argument 189 CHAPTER 10 Writing the Research Essay 190 WRITING RESEARCH ESSAYS 190 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MATERIALS 192 WHAT TO DO WITH SOURCES 193 DEVELOPING A RESEARCH TOPIC 194 Finding Sources 194 THE LIBRARY’S CENTRAL INFORMATION SYSTEM 195 EVALUATING WEB SOURCES AND A NOTE ON WIKIPEDIA 196 CHECKLIST for Evaluating Web Sites 198 READING AND TAKING NOTES ON SECONDARY SOURCES 198 A Guide to Note-Taking 199 WRITING THE ESSAY 202 CHECKLIST for Revising Drafts of Research Essays 205 A SAMPLE RESEARCH ESSAY (MLA FORMAT) 206 Beatrice Cody Politics and Psychology in The Awakening (Student Essay) 207 An Analysis of Cody’s Use of Sources 221 A SAMPLE RESEARCH ESSAY (APA FORMAT) 222 Jacob Alexander Nitrite: Preservative or Carcinogen? (Student Essay) 223 An Analysis of Alexander’s Use of Sources 238 PART THREE A Writer’s Handbook 241 CHAPTER 11 Punctuating Sentences 242 A Word on Computer Grammar and Punctuation Checks 244 THREE COMMON ERRORS: FRAGMENTS, COMMA SPLICES, AND RUN-ON SENTENCES 244 Fragments and How to Correct Them 244 How to Correct Comma Splices and Run-on Sentences 246 THE PERIOD 248 THE QUESTION MARK 248 THE COLON 249 THE SEMICOLON 250 THE COMMA 251 THE DASH 257 PARENTHESES 258 ITALICS 259 CAPITAL LETTERS 260 THE HYPHEN 262 THE APOSTROPHE 263 ABBREVIATIONS 265 NUMBERS 266 CHAPTER 12 Using the Right Word 268 A NOTE ON IDIOMS 269 A WRITER’S GLOSSARY 270 CHAPTER 13 Documenting Sources 294 DOCUMENTATION 294 MLA FORMAT 295 Citations Within the Text 295 Author and Page Number in Parenthetic Citation 298 Title and Page Number in Parentheses 298 Author, Title, and Page Number in Parentheses 299 A Government Document or a Work of Corporate Authorship 299 A Work by Two or Three Authors 299 Parenthetic Citation of an Indirect Source (Citation of Material That Itself Was Quoted or Summarized in Source) 300 Parenthetic Citation of Two or More Works 300 A Work in More Than One Volume 300 An Anonymous Work 301 A Literary Work 301 A Personal Interview 304 Lectures 304 Electronic Sources 304 A Note on Footnotes in an Essay Using Parenthetic Citations 305 The List of Works Cited 306 Alphabetic Order 306 Form on the Page 306 The Elements of the Citation 306 Print Sources 307 Author’s Name 307 Title of Book 308 Place of Publication, Publisher, Date, and Medium of Publication 308 A Book by More Than One Author 309 Government Documents 310 Works of Corporate Authorship 310 Republished Work 310 A Book in Several Volumes 310 One Book with a Separate Title in a Set of Volumes 311 A Book with an Author and an Editor 311 A Revised Edition of a Book 311 A Translated Book 312 An Introduction, Foreword, or Afterword 312 A Book with an Editor but No Author 312 A Work in a Volume of Works by One Author 312 A Work in a Collection of Works by Several Authors 313 A Book Review 313 An Article or Essay—Not a Reprint—in a Collection 314 An Article or Essay Reprinted in a Collection 314 An Encyclopedia or Other Alphabetically Arranged Reference Work 315 An Article in a Scholarly Journal 315 An Article in a Weekly, Biweekly, or Monthly Publication 316 An Article in a Newspaper 316 Web Sources 317 Sources Found Through Web Sites 318 Entire Online Site 318 Part of a Site 318 Online Magazine Article 318 Online Newspaper Article 318 Online Reference Article 318 Online Scholarly Journal Article 318 Wiki 319 Blog 319 Podcast 319 Online Audio or Video 319 Sources Found Through a Database or Scholarly Project 319 Book Accessed from a Scholarly Project 319 Scholarly Journal Accessed from a Database 319 Magazine Article Accessed from a Database 320 Government Document Accessed from a Database 320 Electronic Sources Also Available in Another Medium 320 Work of Art Accessed Online 320 Film Accessed Online 320 Other Common Sources 321 An Electronic Book 321 A Video Recording or Film 321 A CD or Other Sound Recording 321 A Television or Radio Program 321 An Interview 321 An E-mail Message 322 An Oral Presentation (A Lecture, Address, or Speech) 322 Visual Art 322 Digital File 323 APA FORMAT 323 Citations Within the Text 324 A Summary of an Entire Work 324 A Reference to a Page or Pages 324 A Reference to an Author Represented by More Than One Work Published in a Given Year in the References 325 The List of References 325 Form on the Page 325 Alphabetic Order 325 Form of Title 326 Sample References 327 A Book by One Author 327 A Book by More Than One Author 327 A Collection of Essays 327 A Work in a Collection of Essays 327 Government Documents 327 A Journal Article 327 An Article from a Monthly or Weekly Magazine 328 An Article in a Newspaper 328 A Book Review 328 Electronic Sources 328 A NOTE ON OTHER SYSTEMS OF DOCUMENTATION 330 Biology and Other Sciences 330 Chemistry 330 Journalism 330 Law 330 Medicine 330 Physics 330 CHAPTER 14 Preparing the Manuscript 331 BASIC MANUSCRIPT FORM 331 Last Words 336 \ Credits 000 Index 000 Table of Contents
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