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BRIEF TOC: Part One: Beginnings Chapter 1: Exploring Child Development Chapter 2: Heredity and the Environment Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth Part Two: Infants and Toddlers: The First Years (Birth through 2 years) Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infants and Toddlers Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infants and Toddlers Part Three: Early Childhood: The Playful Years (3 through 6 Years) Chapter 7: Physical Development in Early Childhood Chapter 8: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Chapter 9: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood Part Four: Middle Childhood: The School Years (7 through 11 Years) Chapter 10: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Chapter 11: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood Part Five: Adolescence: The Transition toward Adulthood (12 Years and beyond) Chapter 13: Physical Development in Adolescence Chapter 14: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Chapter 15: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence DETAILED TOC Part One: Beginnings Chapter 1: Exploring Child Development Defining the Field What Develops? Nature and Nurture The Role of Neuroscience Diversity and Multiculturalism Positive Development and Resilience General Themes in Modern Child Development Theories of Child Development What Is a Theory, and Why Are Theories Useful? Psychoanalytic, Behavioral, and Social Learning Theories Psychoanalytical Theories Behavioral Theories Social Learning Theory Cognitive, Biological, and the Contextual and Systems Theories Cognitive Theories Biological Theories Contextual and Systems Theories Using the Scientific Method: Research in Child Development Descriptive Research Methods Correlational Research Methods: Measuring Associations Experimental Research Methods: Determining Cause and Effect Methods for Assessing Development Ethics in Research with Children Applications of Child Development Research and Careers Related to Children Practical Applications of Child Development Research Family and Parenting Social Policy Careers Related to Children Chapter 2: Heredity and the Environment Genes and Human Reproduction Genes and the Magical Four-Letter Code Human Reproduction and Cell Division How Traits and Genetic Abnormalities Are Inherited Dominant—Recessive Traits Dominant Gene Diseases Recessive Gene Diseases X-Linked Traits Chromosome Abnormalities Prenatal Screening and Genetic Testing How Genes and Environments Interact Range of Reaction, Canalization, and Niche-Picking Range of Reaction Canalization Niche-Picking: I Gotta Be Me… Probabilistic Epigenesis: Activating Your Genes Behavior Genetics: Measuring the Heritability of Traits Behavior Genetics, Heritability, and Shared and Nonshared Environments How Is Heritability Estimated? Heritability of Complex Characteristics Heritability of Cognitive Skills Heritability of Personality and Temperament Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth Prenatal Development Conception Stages of Prenatal Development The Germinal Stage: Conception through 2 Weeks The Embryonic Stage: Weeks 3 through 8 The Fetal Stage: Week 9 through birth (38 to 40 weeks) Teratogens: Health Risks for the Baby Alcohol, Cocaine, and Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy Alcohol Cocaine Cigarette Smoking The Mother’s Health and Age Mother’s Health Herpes Syphilis HIV/AIDS Mother’s Age Critical Periods The Role of Fathers The Process of Birth Stages of Birth Cultural Differences Surrounding Birth Modern Birthing Practices in the United States: Choices and Alternatives Birth Attendants Prepared Childbirth Pain Relief during Labor and Delivery Birthing Complications: Something Isn’t Right Malpresentation Fetal Distress Here’s the Newborn! Becoming a Family: Psychological Adjustments to Having a Newborn The Transition to Parenthood Becoming the Big Brother or Sister Conclusion Part Two: Infants and Toddlers: The First Years (Birth through 2 years) Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers Infants at Risk: Prematurity and Infant Mortality What Is Prematurity? Infant Mortality Prenatal Care: Having a Healthy Baby Growth of the Body and Brain Physical Growth, Sleep Patterns, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Physical Growth Sleep Patterns Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Feeding and Nutrition Structure of the Brain and Nervous System Forming the Brain and Nervous System Sensory Capabilities Basic Components of Vision How Clear is Their Vision? Can They See Different Colors? How Deep is that Drop? Early Depth Perception How Well Do Infants Hear? Smell and Taste Motor Development Reflexes: The Infant’s First Coordinated Movements Voluntary Movements: The Motor Milestones Cultural Differences in Early Experience Toilet Training Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infants and Toddlers Perceptual Development Robert Fantz and the Early Work in Testing Visual Preferences Habituation—Dishabituation Research Intermodal Perception: Putting It All Together Explaining Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Constructivist View Piaget as a Child Prodigy Constructivism and Interaction with the Environment Piaget’s Stage 1: Sensorimotor Thought (Birth to 2 Years) Learning to Communicate What Is Language? Learning Theory: Language as a Learned Skill Nativist Theory: Born to Talk Is Language Innate? Do All Humans Develop Language? Can Nonhumans Develop Language? Are There Physical Structures That Are Specialized for Language? Are There Sensitive Periods for Language Development? Criticisms of Nativist Theory Interaction Theories: Cognitive and Social Interactionist Approaches Cognitive Approach: Language Depends on Cognition Social Interactionist Theory Early Communication: How Language Starts Perceptual Skills Social Interactions From Crying to Words: Speech Production in Infancy Semantics: Words and Their Meanings How Are Early Words Acquired? What is the Function of Early Words? Toddler Grammar: Rules for Putting Words Together Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infants and Toddlers Attachment The History of Attachment Research John Bowlby’s Ethological Theory Harry Harlow’s Research with Rhesus Monkeys Mary Ainsworth and the Strange Situation Factors Related to Attachment Parent Factors Infant Factors Cultural Factors Attachments with Fathers Day Care and Attachments Early Attachment and Long-Term Outcomes Temperament and Emotion Types of Temperaments How Do Different Temperaments Form? Goodness of Fit Consistency over Time Other Approaches to Temperament Infant Responses to Emotions Toddler Self-Conscious Emotions Social Relations and Play Infant Social Interactions and Sensorimotor Play Toddler Friends Toddler Conflicts and Symbolic Play Part Three: Early Childhood: The Playful Years (3 through 6 years ) Chapter 7: Physical Development in Early Childhood Growth of the Body and Brain Physical Growth and Nutrition Growth and Development of the Brain The Role of Experience in Brain Development Larger Developmental Patterns in the Brain Motor Development and Physical Activity Gross-Motor and Fine-Motor Development Physical Activity and Exercise Cerebral Palsy Health and Safety Issues Childhood Deaths and Safety Issues Child Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect Effects of Abuse and Neglect Chapter 8: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Piaget’s Stage 2: Preoperational Thought Flourishing Mental Representations Symbols in Language Symbols in Art Symbols in Play Emergence of Intuitive Thought: “It Seems Like..." Conservation Problems Piaget’s and Education Vygotsky’s Sociocultural View of Cognitive Development Vygotsky’s Background: The Sociocultural Context for a New Theory The Role of Speech and Language Mediation: With a Little Help from Your Friends The Zone of Proximal Development Scaffolding and Collaborative Learning Information Processing What Is the Information-Processing Approach? The Development of Basic Cognitive Processes Changes in Processing Capacity Changes in Processing Efficiency Changes in Attention Metacognition and the Child’s Developing Theory of Mind Theory of Mind Language Development An Expanding Vocabulary Learning Grammar and the Social Rules of Discourse Bilingual Children: Learning Two Languages Early Childhood Education and Kindergarten Readiness Early Childhood Education Kindergarten Readiness Chapter 9: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood The Social and Emotional Self The Self, Self-Regulation, and Emotions The Self Self-Regulation Emotions Developing Ideas about Gender Moral Development Parenting Dimensions of Parenting Parenting Styles Discipline: What’s a Parent to Do? A Caution about Punishment Positive Discipline Friends and Play Gender Segregation Types of Play Parten’s Classic Study of Play Sociodramatic Play Cultural Differences in Play Part Four: Middle Childhood: The School Years (7 through 11 Years) Chapter 10: Physical Development in Middle Childhood Growth of the Body and Brain Physical Growth and Problems with Being Overweight Growth and Maturation of the Brain Motor Development and Physical Activity Motor Development Physical Activity and Exercise Organized Sports Health and Safety Issues Childhood Injuries and Safety Issues Child Sexual Abuse Who’s at Risk? What are the Effects of Child Abuse? Children with Exceptional Needs What Is Developmental Psychopathology? Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Communication and Learning Disorders Autism Spectrum Disorders Chapter 11: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood Piaget’s Stage 3: Concrete Operational Thought (Ages 7 through 11) What Is Concrete Operational Thinking? Class Inclusion, Seriation, and Transitive Inference Skills Information Processing: Memory Development Two Models of Memory: Stores and Networks Working Memory Long-Term Memory Other Characteristics of Memory Development Reconstructive Memory Autobiographical Memory Information Processing: Knowledge, Strategies, and New Approaches Knowledge Base Strategy Development Newer Approaches to Understanding Cognitive Development Computational Models of Thought Fuzzy Trace Theory Information Processing: Where Does It Stand? Learning to Communicate: Language in Middle Childhood Experts in the Basics Metalinguistic Awareness Changes in How Language Is Used Connectionist Models of Language Development Cognition in Context Development of Mathematical Skills Laying the foundation for Mathematical Skills Mathematical Skills during the Elementary Years Development of Reading Skills Development of Writing Skills Inventive Spelling Mechanics and Intermediate Writing Planning and Revising Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood The Social and Emotional Self Self-Evaluations Emotional Development Gender Differences Moral and Prosocial Reasoning Moral Reasoning Prosocial Reasoning Aggression, Conduct Problems, and Resilient Children Aggression Conduct Problems Resilient Children Families Children and Divorce What Factors Explain the Effects of Divorce? Positive Outcomes of Divorce Never-Married Households and Stepfamilies Never-Married Households Stepfamilies Play, Friends, and Peer Popularity Play and Best Friends Peer Popularity A Social Cognition Model of Peer Relations, and Helping Rejected Children Schools and the Media Children’s Beliefs and Teachers’ Expectations about Schooling Children’s Beliefs Teacher’s Expectations Classroom Climate and Grouping Practices in Schools Classroom Climate Grouping Practices Children and the Media Children and Television TV and Aggression Positive Effects of TV Video Games, Computers, and the Internet Video Games Computer Games and the Internet Part Five: Adolescence: The Transition toward Adulthood (12 Years and beyond) Chapter 13: Physical Development in Adolescence Growth of the Body and Brain during Adolescence Puberty Early and Late Maturation Brain Development Sexual Activity during Adolescence Patterns of Sexual Activity Contraceptive Use in Adolescence Sexual Knowledge and Sex Education Special Concerns about Teenage Sexual Activity Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Adolescents Teenage Pregnancy Who is at Risk for Teenage Parenthood? The Impact of Teenage Parenthood Forced Sexual Behavior Adolescent Health Issues Nutrition and Exercise Eating Disorders Substance Use and Abuse Risk Factors for Drug Use Other Health Issues during the Adolescent Years Adolescents Need More Sleep. Depression Causes of Death Adolescent Drivers Suicide Chapter 14: Cognitive Development in Adolescence Piaget’s Stage 4: Formal Operational Thought (12 Years and Above) What Is Formal Operational Thought? Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning Abstract Thought Separating Reality from Possibilities Combinational Logic Reflective Thinking Adolescent Egocentrism Evaluating Piaget’s Theory Piaget’s Legacy Recent Sociocultural Views of Cognitive Development Situated Cognition Guided Participation and Communities of Practice Thinking as Socially Shared Cognition: Two Heads Are Better Than One Intelligence Theories of Intelligence Psychometric Approaches Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Gardener’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Assessing Intelligence Intelligence Testing Today New Assessment Approaches Extremes of Intelligence: Intellectual Disability and Giftedness Intellectual Disability Gifted and Talented Children Ethnic Differences and Questions about Cultural Bias Learning to Communicate: Language in Adolescence The Adolescent Register Social and Cultural Dialects Cognition in Context: Adolescents Making Decisions How Well Do Adolescents Make Decisions? Making Vocational Choices The Forgotten Third: Improving the Transition from School to Work Chapter 15: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence Who Am I? Adolescents’ Understanding of Themselves Identity Identity Status Development of Ethnic Identity Sexual Orientation The Development of a Homosexual Identity Causes of Sexual Orientation The Experience of Being Gay Morality Kohlberg’s Level III Later Work and Research on Kohlberg’s Theory Other Moral Orientations and Moral Domains Social Relationships: Family Teens Developing Autonomy: Conflict with Parents Conflict between Teens and Parents Dealing Effectively with Adolescent-Parent Conflict Family Structures Adopted Adolescents Families with Lesbian or Gay Parents Ethnically Diverse Families Social Relationships: Peers Friends and Peers in Adolescence Cliques and Crowds From Gender Segregation to Dating Peer Pressure, Delinquent Behavior, and Aggression Leisure Time in Adolescence Contexts of Development Adolescents in School School Climate and Structure Differences in Academic Performance How Can We Prevent Problems in Schooling? Cultural Contexts for Development Cultural Orientations: Individualism and Collectivism What’s the Neighborhood Like? Urban and Rural Poverty Poverty: A Culture of Economics The Inner City Rural Poverty Coming to America: Immigration and Acculturation Explaining Culture’s Influence Table of Contents
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