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Elementary Statistics in Social Research: The Essentials, 2nd Edition by Jack A. Levin, Northeastern University James Alan Fox, Northeastern University ZIP OR PDF for sale 

Table of Contents

Each chapter concludes with “Summary” and “Questions and Problems.”

Preface.

1. Why the Social Researcher Uses Statistics.

The Nature of Social Research.

Why Test Hypotheses?

The Stages of Social Research.

Using Series of Numbers to Do Social Research.

The Functions of Statistics.

Looking at the Larger Picture: A Student Survey

 

I. DESCRIPTION.

 

2. Organizing the Data.

Frequency Distributions of Nominal Data.

Comparing Distributions.

Proportions and Percentages.

Simple Frequency Distributions of Ordinal and Interval Data.

Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval Data.

Cumulative Distributions.

Dealing with Decimal Data.

Flexible Class Intervals.

Cross-Tabulations.

Graphic Presentations.

 

3. Measures of Central Tendency.

The Mode.

The Median.

The Mean.

Taking One Step at a Time.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Mode, Median and Mean

Comparing the Mode, Median, and Mean.

 

4. Measures of Variability.

The Range.

The Variance and Standard Deviation.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Standard deviation

The Raw-Score Formula for Variance and Standard Deviation.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Variance and Standard Deviation Using Raw Scores

The Meaning of the Standard Deviation.

Comparing Measures of Variability.

Terms to Remember.

Looking at the Larger Picture: Describing Data.

 

II. FROM DESCRIPTION TO DECISION MAKING.

 

5. Probability and the Normal Curve.

Probability.

Probability Distributions.

The Normal Curve as a Probability Distribution.

Characteristics of the Normal Curve.

The Model and the Reality of the Normal Curve.

The Area Under the Normal Curve

Finding Probability Under the Normal Curve.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Probability under the Normal Curve.

 

 

6. Samples and Populations.

Random Sampling.

Sampling Error.

Sampling Distribution of Means.

Standard Error of the Mean.

Confidence Intervals.

The t Distribution.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Confidence Interval Using t

Estimating Proportions.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Confidence Intervals for Proportions

Looking at the Larger Picture: Generalizing From Samples to Populations

 

III. DECISION MAKING.

 

7. Testing Differences Between Means.

The Null Hypothesis: No Difference Between Means.

The Research Hypothesis: A Difference Between Means.

Sampling Distribution of Differences Between Means.

Testing Hypotheses with the Distribution of Differences Between Means.

Levels of Significance.

Standard Error of the Difference Between Means.

Testing the Difference Between Means.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Test of Difference Between Means.

Comparing the Same Sample Measured Twice.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Test of Difference between Means for Same Sample Measured Twice.

Two Sample Tests of Proportions.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Test of Difference Between Proportions.

Requirements for Testing the Difference Between Means.

Terms to Remember.

 

8. Analysis of Variance.

The Logic of Analysis of Variance.

The Sum of Squares.

Mean Square.

The F Ratio.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Analysis of Variance.

Requirements for Using the F Ratio.

Terms to Remember.

 

9. Nonparametric Tests of Significance.

The Chi-Square Test.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Chi-Square Test of Significance.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Comparin Several groups

The Median Test.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Median Test

Looking at the Larger Picture: Testing Differences

 

IV. FROM DECISION MAKING TO ASSOCIATION.

 

10. Correlation.

Strength of Correlation.

Direction of Correlation.

Curvilinear Correlation

The Correlation Coefficient.

Pearson's Correlation Coefficient.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Pearson's Correlation Coefficient.

Terms to Remember.

 

11. Regression Analysis.

The Regression Model.

Interpreting the Regression Line.

Regression and Pearson's Correlation.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Step-by-Step Illustration: Regression Analysis.

 

 

12. Nonparametric Measures of Correlation.

Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient.

Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma.

    Step-by-Step Illustration: Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma.

Correlation Coefficient for Nominal Data Arranged in a 2 x 2 Table.

Correlation Coefficients for Nominal Data in Larger Than 2 x 2 Tables.

Looking at the Larger Picture: Measuring Association.

 

V. APPLYING STATISTICS.

 

13. Applying Statistical Procedures to Research Problems.

Research Situations.

Research Solutions.

 

Appendix A. A Review of Some Fundamentals of Mathematics.

Appendix B. Tables.

Appendix C. List of Formulas.

Glossary.

Answers to Selected Problems.

Index.

 

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