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PART ONE HUMAN ORIGINS AND HUMAN CULTURES To 10,000 B.C.E. Building an Interpretive Framework: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? CHAPTER 1 The Dry Bones Speak To 10,000 B.C.E. Human Origins in Myth and History Early Myths The Evolutionary Explanation The New Challenges Fossils and Fossil Hunters The Puzzling Neanderthals Homo erectus: A Worldwide Wanderer The Search Shifts to Africa Homo habilis Australopithecus afarensis The Debate over African Origins Reading the Genetic Record The Theory of Scientific Revolution Humans Create Culture How Did We Survive? Global Migration Increased Population and New Settlements Changes in the Toolkit Language and Communication Cave Art and Portable Art Agriculture: From Hunter-gatherer to Farmer The Story of Prehistory:What Difference Does It Make? TURNING POINT: The Agricultural Village PART TWO SETTLING DOWN 10,000 B.C.E.–1000 C.E. The First Cities and Why They Matter: Digs, Texts, and Interpretations CHAPTER 2 From Village Community to City-state Food First: The Agricultural Village 10,000 B.C.E.–750 B.C.E. The Agricultural Village The First Cities Sumer: The Birth of the City The Growth of the City-state Religion: The Priesthood and the City Occupational Specialization and Class Structure Arts and Invention Trade and Markets: Wheeled Cart and Sailboat Monumental Architecture and Adornment Writing Achievements in Literature and Law The First Cities:What Difference Do They Make? CHAPTER 3 River Valley Civilizations: The Nile and the Indus 7000 B.C.E.–750 B.C.E. Egypt: The Gift of the Nile Earliest Egypt: Before the Kings The Written Record Unification and the Rule of the Kings The Gods, the Unification of Egypt, and the Afterlife Cities of the Dead The Growth of Cities Monumental Architecture of the Old Kingdom: Pyramids and Fortresses The Disintegration of the Old Kingdom The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom Akhetaten, Capital City of King Akhenaten The Indus Valley Civilization and its Mysteries The Roots of the Indus Valley Civilization The Design and Construction of Well-planned Cities Crafts and the Arts Carefully Planned Cities Questions of Interpretation Legacies of the Harappan Civilization The Cities of the Nile and Indus: What Difference Do They Make? CHAPTER FOUR A Polycentric World Cities and States in East Asia, the Americas, and West Africa 1700 B.C.E.–1000 C.E. China: The Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties The Earliest Villages The Beginnings of State Formation Early Evidence of Writing Historical Evidence of the Xia Dynasty Similarities Among the Three Dynasties City and State under the Shang and Zhou Early Royal Capitals Anyang: The Last Shang Capital The Zhou Dynasty The Western Hemisphere: Mesoamerica and South America Origins: Migration and Agriculture Mesoamerican Urbanization: The First Stages Olmec Civilization along the Gulf Coast Zapotec Civilization in the Oaxaca Valley The Urban Explosion: Teotihuacán Successor States in the Valley of Mexico The Rise and Fall of the Maya The Great City of Tikal Maya Civilization in Decline Urbanization in South America Coastal Settlements and Networks The Moche The Chimu Urbanization in the Andes Mountains The Chavin The Tiwanaku, Huari, and Nazca The Inca Agricultural Towns in North America West Africa: The Niger River Valley West Africa Before Urbanization Jenne-jeno: A New Urban Pattern? State Formation? The First Cities:What Difference Do They Make? TURNING POINT: From City-state to Empire PART THREE EMPIRE AND IMPERIALISM (2000 B.C.E.–1100 C.E.) What are Empires and Why are they Important? CHAPTER FIVE Dawn of the Empires Empire-building in North Africa,West Asia, and the Mediterranean 2000 B.C.E.–300 B.C.E. The Meaning of Empire The Earliest Empires Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent Sargon of Akkad Waves of Invaders: The Babylonians and the Hittites The Assyrians Egypt and International Conquest The Art of Palace and Temple The End of Empire The Persian Empire Persian Expansion Imperial Policies Cyrus II Cambyses II Darius I Symbols of Power The Greek City-states Early City-states of the Aegean The Minoans The Mycenaeans The Greek Polis: Image and Reality War with Persia The Golden Age of Athenian Culture Historians Philosophers Dramatists The Limits of City-state Democracy From City-state to Small Empire The Peloponnesian War The Empire of Alexander the Great The Conquests of Philip The Reign of Alexander the Great The Legacies of Alexander Empire-building: What Difference Does It Make? CHAPTER 6 Rome and the Barbarians: The Rise and Dismemberment of Empire 753 B.C.E.–1453 C.E. 162 From Hill Town to Republic, 753–133 B.C.E. Patricians and Plebeians in the Early Republic The Struggle of the Orders The Senate of Rome Roman Military Power The Expansion of the Republic The Punic Wars The “New Wisdom” Further Expansion The Eastern Mediterranean The Politics of Imperial Rule Citizens of Rome The Politics of Private Life The Roman Family Class Conflict: Urban Splendor and Squalor Attempts at Reform “Bread and Circuses” Slavery in Roman Life The End of the Republic Generals in Politics The Dictatorship of Julius Caesar The Roman Principate, 30 B.C.E.–330 C.E. Family Life in the Age of Augustus The Military under Augustus The Roman Empire Expands Economic and Trade Policies Supplying Rome Building Cities Engineering Triumphs Luxury Trades The Golden Age of Greco-Roman Culture Stoicism Religion in Imperial Rome Mystery Religions Rome and the Jews Rome and the Early Christians The Dismemberment of the Roman Empire Invaders at the Gates Decline and Dismemberment The Crisis of the Third Century The Fragmentation of Authority Causes of the Decline and Fall The Eastern Empire, 330–1453 C.E. Resurgence under Justinian Religious Struggles A Millennium of Byzantine Strength CHAPTER 7 China Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties 200 B.C.E.—900 C.E. The Qin Dynasty Military Power and Mobilization Economic Power Administrative Power Competing Ideologies of Empire Confucianism Legalism Daoism The Struggle Between Legalism and Confucianism The Mandate of Heaven The Fall of the Qin Dynasty The Han Dynasty A Confucian Bureaucracy Military Power and Diplomacy Population and Migration Economic Power Fluctuations in Administrative Power An Interregnum A Weakened Han Dynasty Peasant Revolt and the Fall of the Han Disintegration and Reunification Ecology and Culture Buddhism Reaches China Reunification under the Sui and Tang Dynasties The Short-lived Sui Dynasty Arts and Technology under the Tang Dynasty Imperial China The West and Northwest The South and Southwest Vietnam Korea Japan Immigration and Cultural Influences Legacies for the Future: What Difference Do They Make? Differences Geopolitical Ideological Longevity and Persistence Policy and Powers of Assimilation Language Policy Ideology and Cultural Cohesion Influence on Neighbors Similarities Relations with Barbarians Religious Policies The Role of the Emperor Gender Relationships and the Family The Significance of Imperial Armies Overextension Public Works Projects The Concentration of Wealth Policies for and against Individual Mobility Revolts Peasant Flight CHAPTER 8 Indian Empires: Cultural Cohesion in a Divided Subcontinent 1500 B.C.E.–1100 C.E. New Arrivals in South Asia Chronicles of the Aryan Immigrants The Vedas The Mahabharataand the Ramayana The Establishment of States The Empires of India The Maurya Empire Government under the Maurya Dynasty Asoka, India’s Buddhist Emperor Successor States Divide the Empire The Gupta Empire A Golden Age of Learning The Resurgence of Hinduism Invasions End the Age of Empires The Hunas and their Legacy Regional Diversity and Power Sea Trade and Cultural Influence: From Rome to Southeast Asia Southeast Asia: “Greater India” India, China, and Rome: Empires and Intermediate Institutions Administration International Relations Invasion of the Hunas Local Institutions and the State Indian Empires:What Difference Do They Make? TURNING POINT: Politics and Religion CHAPTER 9 Hinduism and Buddhism The Sacred Subcontinent: The Spread of Religion in India and Beyond 1500 B.C.E.–1200 C.E. Examining Religious Beliefs Hinduism The Origins of Hinduism Sacred Geography and Pilgrimage The Central Beliefs of Hinduism The Rigveda Caste The Brahmanasand Upanishads The Great Epics The Puranas Temples and Shrines Religion and Rule Hinduism in Southeast Asia Buddhism The Origins of Buddhism The Life of the Buddha The Sangha The Emergence of Mahayana Buddhism The Decline of Buddhism in India Jainism Buddhism in China Arrival in China: The Silk Route Relations with Daoism and Confucianism Buddhism under the Tang Dynasty Buddhism’s Decline in China Buddhism in Japan Shintoism Buddhism’s Arrival in Japan Buddhism’s Role in Unifying Japan Japanese Buddhism Develops New Forms Lasting Buddhist Elements in Japanese Society Comparing Buddhism and Hinduism CHAPTER 10 Judaism and Christianity: Peoples of the Bible: God’s Evolution in West Asia and Europe 1700 B.C.E.—1100 C.E. Judaism The Sacred Scriptures Essential Beliefs of Judaism in Early Scriptures The Later Books of Jewish Scripture Rule by Judges and by Kings The Teachings of the Prophets: Morality and Hope The Evolution of the Image of God Patriarchy and Gender Relations Defeat, Exile, and Redefinition Minority—Majority Relations in the Diaspora Christianity Christianity Emerges from Judaism Jesus’ Life, Teachings, and Disciples Adapting Rituals to New Purposes Overturning the Old Order Jesus and the Jewish Establishment Miracles and Resurrection The Growth of the Early Church Paul Organizes the Early Church The Christian Calendar Gender Relations From Persecution to Triumph The Conversion of Constantine How had Christianity Succeeded? Doctrine: Definition and Dispute Battles Over Dogma Christianity in the Wake of Empire The Conversion of the Barbarians Decentralized Power and Monastic Life The Church Divides into East and West The Split between Rome and Constantinople New Areas Adopt Orthodox Christianity Christianity in Western Europe The Pope Allies with the Franks Charlemagne Revives the Idea of Empire The Attempt at Empire Fails CHAPTER 11 Islam: Submission to Allah: Muslim Civilization Bridges the World 570 C.E.–1500 C.E. The Origins of Islam The Prophet: His Life and Teaching The Five Pillars of Islam Responses to Muhammad The Hijraand the Islamic Calendar Muhammad Extends his Authority Connections to Other Monotheistic Faiths Successors to the Prophet Civil War: Religious Conflict and the Sunni–Shi’a Division The Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire The Third Civil War and the Abbasid Caliphs The Weakening of the Caliphate The Emergence of Quasi-independent States Seljuk Turks and their Sultanate The Mongols and the Destruction of the Caliphate Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering Islam Reaches New Peoples India Southeast Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Law Provides an Institutional Foundation Sufis Provide Religious Mysticism The Role of Mysticism Intellectual Achievements History Philosophy Mathematics, Astronomy, and Medicine The Extension of Technology City Design and Architecture Relations with Non-Muslims Dhimmi Status The Crusades A Golden Age in Spain Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: What Difference Do They Make? PART FIVE GLOBAL TRADE: THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN WORLD (1300—1700) Trade, Traders, Disease, and Migration CHAPTER 12 Establishing World Trade Routes: The Geography and Philosophies of Early Economic Systems 1300–1500 World Trade: A Historical Analysis Trade in the Americas Before 1500 The Inca Empire Central America and Mexico Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa West Africa East Africa Asia’s Complex Trade Patterns The South Pacific The South China Sea The Indian Ocean Arab Traders Islam Spreads China: A Magnet for Traders International Trade The Voyages of Zheng He Internal Trade Central Asia: The Mongols and the Silk Routes Intercontinental Trade Flourishes Chinggis Khan The End of the Mongol Empire From Mongol to Ming: Dynastic Transition CHAPTER THIRTEEN The Opening of the Atlantic and the Pacific: Economic Growth, Religion and Renaissance, Global Connections 1300—1500 Economic and Social Changes in Europe Workers and the Landed Gentry Textiles and Social Conflict Business and the Church Plague and Social Unrest The Renaissance The Roots of the Renaissance Christian Scholars Universities Humanism New Artistic Styles Developments in Technology A New World The Early Explorers, 800—1000 Down Africa’s Atlantic Coast Crossing the Atlantic Crossing the Pacific Legacies to the Future:What Difference Do They Make? CHAPTER 14 The Unification of World Trade: New Philosophies for New Trade Patterns 1500–1776 The Birth of Capitalism The Empires of Spain and Portugal Spain’s New World Conquests Why the Inca and Aztec Empires Fell Making the Conquests Pay Merchant Profits Warfare and Bankruptcy Portugal’s Empire The Portuguese in Africa The Portuguese in Brazil The Portuguese in the Indian Ocean The Spanish and the Portuguese Empires: An Evaluation Trade and Religion in Western Europe The Protestant Reformation The Counter-Reformation Spanish Defeats The Dutch Republic: Seaborne Merchant Enterprise France: A Nation Consolidated Britain: Establishing Commercial Supremacy The Nation-state Diverse Cultures, Diverse Trade Systems Russia’s Empire under Peter the Great Ottomans and Mughals Ming and Qing Dynasties in China Tokugawa Japan Southeast Asia The Influence of World Trade: What Difference Does It Make? CHAPTER 15 Migration: Demographic Changes in a New Global World 1300—1750 The “New Europes” The Columbian Exchange The Devastation of the Amerindian Population Benefits of the Columbian Exchanges North America The Antipodes: Australia and New Zealand, 1600—1900 South Africa, 1652—1820 Russian Expansion Slavery: Enforced Migration, 1500—1750 The Plantation Economy The Slave Trade Reinterpreted Asian Migrations, 1300—1750 The Ottoman Empire, 1300—1700 India: The Mughal Empire, 1526—1707 Akbar, Emperor of India Safavid Persia, 1400—1700 China: The Ming and Manchu Dynasties, 1368—1750 Global Population Growth and Movement Cities and Demographics Delhi/Shahjahanabad Isfahan Constantinople (Istanbul) London Migration and Demography:What Difference Do They Make? PART SIX SOCIAL CHANGE (1640—1914) Western Revolutions and their Influence CHAPTER 16 Political Revolutions in Europe and the Americas: The Birth of Political Rights in the Age of Enlightenment 1649–1830 The Scientific Revolution Advancements in Science A Community of Scientists Nicholas Copernicus Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton William Harvey, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, Carolus Linnaeus Human Rights: Philosophical Rationales Hobbes and Limits on Power The “State of Nature” Locke and the Right of Revolution Locke, Hobbes, and Property Civil War and Revolution in England, 1642–51 Civil War, 1642–51 The Glorious Revolution, 1688 The Bill of Rights The Enlightenment The Philosophes Charles de Secordat, baron de Montesquieu Denis Diderot’s Encyclopedia Voltaire “Enlightened Despotism” Jean-Jacques Rousseau Adam Smith Revolution in North America, 1776 The Constitution and the Bill of Rights, 1789 The First Anti-imperial Revolution The “Other” The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1812 From Protests to Revolution, 1789–91 The Revolt of the Poor International war, the “Second” Revolution, and the Terror, 1791–99 Napoleon in Power, 1799–1812 The Napoleonic Wars and the Spread of Revolution, 1799–1812 Haiti: Slave Revolution and the Overthrow of Colonialism, 1791–1804 The Slave Revolt The Anti-imperial Revolt, 1804 Britain Abolishes the Slave Trade, 1807 Independence and Disillusionment in Latin America, 1810–30 Independence Movements Simón Bolívar Mexico Brazil After Independence: Religious and Economic Issues CHAPTER 17 The Industrial Revolution: A Global Process 1700—1914 The Industrial Revolution in Britain,1700—1860 A Revolution in Agriculture A Revolution in Textile Manufacture The Iron Industry Industrialization–Stage Two, 1860—1914 The Steel and Chemical Industries Electrical Inventions New Products and New Producers Worldwide Effects of the Second Stage Industrial Society Population Growth and the Industrial Revolution Winners and Losers in the Industrial Revolution Redefining Gender Economic and Political Reform Women’s Suffrage Labor Movements and Socialism Karl Marx and the Workers’ Revolution Labor Organizations Austria and Germany France The United States Workers in the Nonindustrialized World Indentured Labor New Patterns of Urban Life The Nature of the City Living in the City Urban Planning CHAPTER 18 Nationalism, Imperialism, and Resistance: Competition among Industrial Powers 1650–1914 Nationalism Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire American Nationalism The New Nations of Italy and Germany The Rise of Zionism in Europe Failed Nationalisms and Delayed Nationalisms The Disappearance of Poland Africa, West and East: The Rise and Fall of States Egyptian Loss of Independence The European Quest for Empire The British in India The Company in Charge Indian Industry British Imperial Rule The British in Burma, Malaya, and Singapore Europeans in China, 1800–1914 The Opium Wars The Taiping Rebellion The Boxer Rebellion The French in Algeria and Southeast Asia The Dutch in Indonesia European Competition and Cooperation: Empire-building in Africa The Competition for South Africa Sierra Leone and Liberia: Havens for Former Slaves Cooperation among Africans and Europeans The Scramble for Africa The Berlin Conference Europeans and Labor Relations in Africa Gender Relationships in Colonization Anticolonial Revolts Japan: From Isolation to Equality The End of the Shogunate The Meiji Restoration Restructuring Government Restructuring the Economy Cultural and Educational Changes Gender Relations Equality in the Family of Nations Nationalism and Imperialism:What Difference Do They Make? PART SEVEN: EXPLODING TECHNOLOGIES (1914—1991) Contested Visions of a New International Order CHAPTER 19 Methods of Mass Production and Destruction: Technological Systems 1914–1937 Technology in the Twentieth Century Transportation and Communication Urban Life Technology and Gender Relations Scientific Research and Development Albert Einstein The Downside of Progress Fritz Haber International Role Reversals India China Latin America The Mexican Revolution, 1910–20 The Ottoman Empire World War I War: A Stalemate from the Start Postwar Expectations and Results The Paris Peace Settlements The League of Nations Colonies Disappointed The Russian Revolution The Build-up to Revolution Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution State Planning in Soviet Russia Women in the Soviet Union Postwar America Worldwide Depression CHAPTER 20 World War II: To Hell and Back 1937—1949 The Rise of Fascism Fascism in Italy Hitler Rises in Germany Japan Between the Wars Optimism Revives, Temporarily The Descent Toward War The Steps to War The Spanish Civil War Japan Invades China Hitler’s Early Conquests World War II, 1939—45 The War in Europe The War in the Pacific, 1937—42 Turning the Tide The War in the Pacific, 1942—45 Assessing the War War and Technology The Mobilization of Women The War’s Horrors The Holocaust The A-Bomb The Tortured Image of Humanity Out of the Rubble: The United Nations and Resettlement The United Nations Postwar Resettlement Remembering the War The Nuremberg Trials Memorial Museums and Exhibitions The Terror House Memorials to Hiroshima Remembering the Holocaust Two World Wars: What Difference Do They Make? CHAPTER 21 Cold War, New Nations, and Revolt Against Authority Remaking the Post-World War II World:1945–1991 The Cold War: U.S. vs. USSR The Cold War in Europe The Tail Wags the Dog: Client States Draw the Superpowers to War The Korean War, 1950–53 The Cold War and U.S. Domestic Politics McCarthyism and the Red Scare The Military–Industrial Complex The Soviet Union and the Cold War Alexander Solzhenitsyn: Reporting on the Gulag The USSR under Khrushchev The “kitchen debate” Confrontations in Cuba, 1961–62 The Brezhnev Doctrine The Mice that Roared: Debacles in Vietnam and Afghanistan The United States and the Vietnam War The USSR in Afghanistan 1968: Revolt Against Authority The Cold War and the Emergence of New Nations The Middle East Breaks Free Asian Nations Declare Independence African Struggles for Independence Egypt Congo Algeria Mozambique, Angola, and Guinea-Bissau The Emergence of the Third World Third-World Countries Organize Client States and Proxy Wars Nicaragua Guatemala Chile The End of the Cold War: The Soviet Union Dissolves The Soviet Union’s Alternative Model Gorbachev’s Reforms, 1985–91 Yeltsin Crushes the Coup Pursuing Peace through Negotiation Toward a Unified Europe Japan’s Recovery The UN: Growth and New Missions NGOs and Transnational Organizations 1968: Revolt against Authority Legacies of the Cold War, Decolonization, Economic and Social Development:What Difference Do They Make? CHAPTER 22 China and India: Into the Twenty-First Century China and India: A Comparison China’s Revolutions Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang Mao Zedong and Peasant Revolt Gender Issues in the Revolution The Long March and the Communist Triumph The Yan’an Soviet Cooperation with the GMD The GMD Retreats to Taiwan The People’s Republic of China Revolutionary Policies “Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom” The Great Leap Forward The Cultural Revolution Recovery Women in the People’s Republic of China China’s International Relations The United States China’s Neighbors India Postrevolutionary China India’s Struggle for Independence First Steps Toward Self Rule Mohandas Gandhi and Civil Disobedience Gandi Develops Satyagraha in South Africa Gandhi and the Independence Movement Cultural Policies Congress Campaigns for Independence Gandhi’s Leadership Independence and Muslim Interests Independence and Partition Hindu—Muslim Separation/Partition Unifying the Nation Democracy and its Challenges Indian Politics Indira Gandhi Gender Issues Legal Changes Social Changes Economic Changes Economic and Technological Development Revolutions in Agriculture Challenges of Population and Poverty Industrialization and its Consequences International Relations Comparing China and India:What Difference Does It Make? TURNING POINT: From Past to Present to Future PART EIGHT THE USEFULNESS OF HISTORY Understanding the Present in the Light of the Past Chapter 23 CONTEMPORARY HISTORY: EVOLUTION, SETTLEMENTS, AND RELIGION On Evolution The DNA Code and its Discoveries Cloning and Genetic Engineering The Evolution of Diseases Gender Relationships Gay Rights On Settlements The Growth of Cities A Single Global System Systems of Cities Cities as Systems The Impact of Immigration The Rise of the Urban Slum Global Research and Planning On Politics and Empire The Former Soviet Union The United States Stands Alone Terrorism The Unification of Europe China: An Emerging Superpower? Poverty The Environment Corruption The Road to Democracy On Religion Theocracy in Iran Islamic Militants in Afghanistan Islam, Secularism, and Christianity Religious Strife in Yugoslavia Hinduism and Islam in India Buddhists in Tibet Judaism Christianity Roman Catholicism Evangelical Christianity Religion in the United States The Thematic Approach: What Difference Does It Make? CHAPTER 24 CONTEMPORARY HISTORY: TRADE, SOCIAL REVOLUTION, TECHNOLOGY, IDENTITY On Trade The Institutions of Globalization The Internet, the World Wide Web, and Containerization Evaluating Globalization Setting Goals for Globalization Hazards in the Trade System On Social Revolution Nationalism The Palestinian–Israeli Conflict Commerce, Business, and National Borders Gender Issues Racial Equality Apartheid in South Africa The Truth and Reconciliation Commission India’s Social Revolution: The Mandal Commission America Elects an African-American President Migration United States Europe Refugees Rural–Urban Migration Cultural Expression On Technology Nanotechnology Ecological Technology On Identity: What Difference Does It Make? Table of Contents
PART FOUR
THE RISE OF WORLD RELIGIONS (2500 B.C.E.—1500 C.E.)
Not by Bread Alone: Religion in World History
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